First occurrence in mangroves of South America of the exotic species Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. from the Indo-Malayan region / Primeiro registro nos manguezais da América do Sul da espécie exótica Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham da região Indo-Malaia

Abstract This is the 1st record of the Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham., in the mangroves of South America - Cubatão-Baixada Santista, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The record was made in an area located 2 km apart from the port of Santos. Its arrival was probably made through the ballast water. S. apetala as well an exotic it is also an aggressive mangrove species. All 85 individuals identified were georeferenced. In May 2023 they were flowering and in August they already had ripe fruits/propagules. The presence of exotic species in mangroves is worrying, they can cause profound ecological and economic impacts and negatively influence the restoration of native ecosystems. The presence of S. apetala in the mangroves of Cubatão region could bring about a radical change in the biological structure of the mangrove ecosystem, in addition to being a new point of dispersal to others areas.

Resumo Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham., na América do Sul, Cubatão-Baixada Santista, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O registro ocorreu em área situada a 2 km do porto de Santos. Sua presença, se fez, provavelmente, por meio da água de lastro dos navios. A S. apetala é uma espécie exótica agressiva nos manguezais dessa região. Todos os 85 exemplares identificados foram georeferenciados. Em maio de 2023 estavam floridas e em agosto já tinha frutos/propágulos maduros. A presença de espécies exóticas nos manguezais é preocupante, pois são capazes de gerar impactos ecológicos e econômicos e influenciar, negativamente, na restauração desse ecossistema no estuário de Cubatão. A presença da S.apetala, no manguezal da região de Cubatão pode povocar uma mudança radical na estrutura biológica do ecossistema manguezal, além de ser um novo ponto de dispersão para outras áreas.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer potential of Streptomyces species isolated from the rhizosphere of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh

Free radicals produced through biochemical processes cause dangerous health problems due to their oxidative effect on cellular proteins and lipids. There is an urgent need for natural antioxidants to be used as therapeutic agents. Streptomyces are known as producers for antioxidants, in this study, two Streptomyces species were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of mangrove tree Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. The isolates were identified by conventional as well as molecular methods as Streptomyces atrovirens (MS5) and S. labedae (MR15). The ethyl acetate extracts of cell free production broth medium of the two isolates demonstrated potent biological activities against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Moreover, a radical scavenging activity in DPPH assay with significant inhibition percentage of 62 and 78%, respectively, was recorded. The IC50 values were 3000 and 241 ?g/mL (P <0.05) for S.atrovirens (MS5) and S. labedae (MR15), respectively. Streptomyces atrovirens extract showed anticancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG-2) and colon carcinoma cells (HCT-116) cell lines with 61 and 50.6%, respectively, while S. labedae (MR15) showed anticancer activity against all the tested cell lines with 92.9 and 85.89% against (HepG-2) and (HCT-116) compared to the control cells and showed selective cytotoxicity. LC-MS/MS analyses revealed the presence of compounds with known antioxidant and anticancer activities such as Gamma Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Indole-3-carboxyaldehyde, linoleic acid and phenyl chromen-4-one derivative with various intensities.

Estructura poblacional del árbol Avicennia germinans (Acanthaceae) en un manglar alterado del Golfo de México / Population structure of Avicennia germinans trees (Acanthaceae) in a disturbed mangrove in the Gulf of Mexico

Resumen Introducción: Los manglares están en declive en el mundo, conocer su estructura y regeneración en diferentes niveles de alteración puede ayudar a comprender la dinámica poblacional ante situaciones de estrés. Objetivo: La meta principal del estudio fue analizar la estructura comunitaria y estimar la trayectoria de las poblaciones de Avicenia germinans en diferentes sitios de manglar que presentan tres niveles de alteración. Métodos: Ocho transectos de aproximadamente 500 m de largo y colocados de manera perpendicular a la laguna de Tampamachoco, Veracruz, interceptaron tres niveles de alteración en los sitios estudiados del bosque de manglar. En cada transecto, cuadrantes de 10 x 10 m, 5 x 5 m, y 1 x 1 m sirvieron para contar todos los árboles de mangle por especie y estadio de madurez en 2017 y 2018. Resultados: La especie más abundante fue: A. germinans seguida de Rhizophora mangle y Laguncularia racemosa. Con base en su abundancia, se encontraron diferencias significativas según los tres grados de alteración (AM R = 0.6, P < 0.001), ilustrado en un análisis de ordenación no métrico (nMDS). Una tabla de vida para A. germinans permitió un análisis poblacional que mostró una tasa intrínseca de incremento poblacional (r) negativa para los sitios que presentan alteración (-0.0027 u -0.0774) y positiva (0.0289) en el sitio sin alteración aparente. La supervivencia del estadio de plántula a juvenil varia de 50 % en el sitio no alterados a 5 y 4 % en los otros dos sitios. Conclusiones: Se necesitan medidas para incrementar la sobrevivencia de las plántulas y revertir la disminución de las trayectorias en los sitios con alteración, de otra forma el manglar tendrá una viabilidad reducida en el término medio.

Abstract Introduction: Globally, mangroves are declining; characterizing their structure and regeneration at different disturbance levels can help understand their responses to stressful situations. Objective: The study's primary goal was to analyze the mangrove community structure and to estimate the populations' trajectories of Avicenia germinans at different mangrove sites that present three levels of disturbance. Methods: Eight transects of approximately 500 m in length and laid perpendicular to the Tamapamchoco lagoon, Veracruz, intersected three levels of disturbance currently present on the mangrove forest. On each transect, 10 x 10 m, 5 x 5 m, and 1 x 1 m quadrants served to account for all mangrove trees by species and stage of maturity in 2017 and 2018. Results: The most abundant species was: A. germinans followed by Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa. Based on their abundance, we found significant differences for the three levels of disturbance (ANOSIM R = 0.6, P < 0.001) presented in a non-metric ordination (nMDS). A life table for A. germinans allowed a population analysis that showed an intrinsic rate of population increase (r) that was negative at the disturbed sites (-0.0027 and -0.0774) and positive (0.0289) at the apparently undisturbed site. Seedling to juvenile stage survival ranged from 50 % at the undisturbed site to 5 and 4 % at the disturbed sites. Conclusions: Measures to increase the survival of seedlings are necessary to reverse the decreasing population trajectories at the disturbed sites; otherwise, the mangrove will have reduced viability in the medium term.

Size distribution and sex ratio between populations of the artisanal harvested land crab Cardisoma guanhumi (Decapoda: Gecarcinidae), with the estimation of relative growth and size at sexual maturity in Puerto Rico / Distribución de tallas y proporción de sexos entre poblaciones del cangrejo de tierra cosechado artesanalmente Cardisoma guanhumi (Decapoda: Gecarcinidae), con la estimación del crecimiento relativo y tamaño en la madurez sexual en Puerto Rico

Abstract Introduction: Knowledge of growth patterns, sex ratio, and sexual maturity are of importance to exploited populations. The land crab Cardisoma guanhumi is an artisanal and subsistence exploited species in Puerto Rico. However, the growth patterns and sexual maturity of the local populations are not known. Objectives: This study has a double objective: (1) to compare the size and sex structure between populations and (2) to model the relative growth of structures related to reproduction to estimate the average size of morphometric sexual maturity (MSM) for both males and females. Methods: A total of 2 849 specimens were captured from nine dispersed populations on the island between 2001 and 2020. Carapace width (CW) was measured as an estimator of the absolute size of all individuals, together with the propodus length (PL) in males and the abdomen width in females (AW). Differences in length structure between sexes and populations were tested by applying goodness-of-fit tests based on Kernel Density Estimators (KDE). The relative growth pattern was modeled adjusting a spline from which the maximum of its second derivative was calculated as an estimator of the MSM, and bootstrapping was used to generate confidence intervals. Results: Differences were found in size structures, between sexes, and between sites. Our estimates of morphometric sexual maturity resulted in a sexual maturity size for males between 57.9 and 79.0 mm CW, while in females, morphological maturity occurs between 43.8 to 51.5 mm CW. Conclusions: We found inter-population differences in body size that can be attributed to differences in the history of changes of land use and the exploitation biased towards larger individuals, though differences in recruitment should also be considered. Current regulations in Puerto Rico protect female crabs but not to larger male crabs. The regulation establishes that crabs smaller than 64 mm carapace width cannot be captured, leaving immature male crabs over 64 mm CW unprotected. We suggest considering different size limits depending on the sex of the crab. This will allow the full range of sizes where sexual maturity is reached to be protected, increasing the likelihood of the population's size to increase.

Resumen Introducción: El conocimiento de los patrones de crecimiento, la proporción de sexos y la madurez sexual son de suma importancia para las poblaciones explotadas. El cangrejo terrestre Cardisoma guanhumi es una especie explotada artesanalmente y para subsistencia en Puerto Rico. Sin embargo, se desconocen los patrones de crecimiento y la madurez sexual para la isla. Objetivos: Este estudio tiene un doble objetivo: (1) comparar el tamaño y la estructura sexual entre las poblaciones y (2) modelar el crecimiento relativo de estructuras relacionadas con la reproducción (propodo en machos y abdomen en hembras) para estimar el tamaño promedio de madurez sexual morfométrica (MSM). Métodos: Se capturaron un total de 2 849 especímenes de nueve poblaciones dispersas en la isla, entre 2001 y 2020. Se midió el ancho del caparazón (AC) como un estimador del tamaño absoluto de todos los individuos, junto con el largo de propodo en los machos y el ancho del abdomen en las hembras. Las diferencias en la estructura de tallas entre sexos y poblaciones se probaron aplicando la prueba de bondad de ajuste basado en estimaciones de densidad kernel (KDE). El patrón de crecimiento relativo se modeló ajustando un spline a partir del cual se calculó el máximo de su segunda derivada como estimador del MSM y se utilizó bootstrapping para generar intervalos de confianza. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias en las estructuras de tallas, entre sexos y poblaciones. Nuestras estimaciones de madurez sexual morfométrica dieron como resultado un tamaño de madurez sexual para los machos entre 57.9 y 79.0 mm AC, mientras que, en las hembras, la madurez morfométrica se produce entre 43.8 y 51.5 mm AC. Conclusiones: La diferencia en el tamaño de la población se puede atribuir a las diferencias entre poblaciones en el cambio de uso de la tierra y la presión de explotación asociada con el sesgo hacia la captura de individuos más grandes o el reclutamiento. Las regulaciones actuales en Puerto Rico brindan protección a las hembras, pero no a los machos más grandes. El reglamento establece que no se pueden capturar cangrejos de menos de 64 mm de AC dejando desprotegidos los cangrejos machos inmaduros de más de 64 mm AC. Sugerimos considerar diferentes límites de tamaño según el sexo del cangrejo. Esto permitirá proteger un rango más amplio de tamaños donde se alcanza la madurez sexual, aumentando la probabilidad de un incremento en el tamaño de la población.

Birds of Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso: ecology, conservation and natural history / Aves do Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardos: ecologia, conservação e história natural

Abstract: The Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), located on extreme South of São Paulo's cost, in Brazil, holds an important Atlantic Forest remnant which still in a good state of conservation, but lack a deepen study about the avian community that habits the island. This study aimed to elaborate a census of avian species that occur in the park approaching richness, occurrence frequency, occurrence status and the structure of trophic guilds. A total of 25 field expedictions occurred between September 2015 and September 2017 during five days each, the field work included different ecosystems as mangrove, restinga, forest, sandbank, beach and marine. The census was made combine three different techniques used in ornithological studies: visual identification, auditory identification and catch by mist-nets (with five fixed sites in mangrove, restinga and forest). Were recorded 335 avian species, with 28 of them endemic from Brazil and 33 being threatened with extinction. Seventy-three species were recorded in all sampled months (FO 100%), while 46 were recorded in just one month (FO = 4%). About occurrence status, 55% of species are residents, 20% occasional visitors, 13% unusual residents, 6% migratory and 6% visitors. According the recorded species were recognized 25 trophic guilds based on food items, corporal size and strata that commonly forage, which of most representative in the community, the guild of "of insectivorous of medium-strata" (N = 55), "canopy omnivorous" (N = 33), "aquatic invertebrates consummers" and "piscivorous" (N = 31). Finally, with the current study, we aimed through a significative field effort bring a better knowledge about avifauna of PEIC, which could be a good base when is necessary take actions that aim to park management and the Conservation Unities around it.

Resumo: O Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), localizado no estremo sul do litoral paulista, reúne um importante remanescente de Floresta Atlântica em bom estado de conservação, carecendo, porém, de um estudo aprofundado sobre a comunidade de aves que habita a ilha. Diante disso, o presente estudo visou a elaborar um inventário das espécies de aves do parque abordando a riqueza, frequência de ocorrência, status de ocorrência e divisão das espécies em guildas. Foram realizadas entre setembro de 2015 e setembro de 2017, 25 expedições de campo com cinco dias de duração cada, incluindo os ecossistemas de manguezal, restinga, floresta, baixio, praia e marinho. O inventário foi realizado combinando três técnicas para estudos ornitológicos: identificação visual, identificação auditiva e captura com redes-de-neblina (cinco pontos fixos no manguezal, restinga e floresta). Foram registradas 335 espécies de aves, sendo 28 espécies consideradas endêmicas para o Brasil e 33 com algum grau de risco de extinção. Setenta e três espécies foram registradas em todos os meses amostrados (FO = 100%), enquanto que 46 apresentaram registros em apenas um mês (FO = 4%). No que se refere ao status de ocorrência, 55% das espécies são residentes, 20% visitantes ocasionais, 13% residentes incomuns, 6% migratórias e 6% visitantes. As espécies registradas permitiram o reconhecimento de 25 guildas com base nos itens alimentares, tamanho corporal e estrato em que comumente forrageiam, sendo as mais representativas na comunidade, as guildas de "Insetívoros de estrato médio" (N = 55), "Onívoros de copa" (N = 33), "Consumidores de Invertebrados Aquáticos" e "Piscívoros" (N = 31). Por fim, com o presente estudo, buscamos através de um significativo esforço em campo trazer um melhor conhecimento no que diz respeito a avifauna do PEIC, que pode vir a servir de base na hora de traçar ações visando ao manejo do parque bem como das unidades de conservação que se distribuem no seu entorno.

Bacterial diversity on wild shrimp post larvae in a mangrove biodiversity hotspot

Aims@#This study aims to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on shrimp microbiome in a biodiverse mangrove forest ecosystem, along the Merbok River, Kedah, Malaysia.@*Methodology and results@#To assess the impacts, a microbiome study of wild post larvae shrimps along the river was conducted as a health indicator of the shrimp hosts which in turn would reflect the river conditions. A 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the wild post larvae shrimp microbiomes sampled across areas of varying human activities was conducted. Samples were obtained from four sites ranging from upstream river habitat to downstream brackish water towards the marine coast. Individuals detected from the sequence were then counted and their relative abundance of bacterial diversity were compared. All abundances are up to 100% and the diversity indices were calculated using proportions of each species. The Operational Taxonomy Unit (OTUs) were obtained by using USEARCH and UPARSE software. Twenty-eight bacterium phyla were detected, dominated by phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes at each site. Eighteen families were dominant at each site with Streptomycetaceae being the major abundant. At the genus level, the most abundant genera were Streptomyces sp., Mesorhizobium sp., Rhizobium sp., Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#In general, the diversity of opportunistic and coliform bacteria was low. Thus, despite being exposed to various levels of human activities, the Merbok River and its mangrove surroundings still serve as a good spawning and nursery sites of shrimps and presumably other inhabitants.

Estado actual de Melongena melongena (Mollusca: Gastropoda) en la bahía de Cispatá, Caribe Colombiano / Current status of Melongena melongena(Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Cispatá Bay, Colombian Caribbean

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el estado actual de Melongena melongena en la bahía de Cispatá, Caribe Colombiano a través de los aspectos poblacionales de la especie. Materiales y métodos. Se establecieron tres sectores de muestreo, conforme con la zonificación de los manglares en la bahía. Para la recolección del material biológico se ubicó un transecto lineal de 4 x 20 m perpendicular al área del manglar con dos replicas a una distancia de 50 m. Para la determinación del sexo, se tomó una submuestra de 10 individuos con tallas superiores a la estimada para la madurez sexual de la especie. A las conchas se les midió la longitud total, con el fin de diferenciar las tallas de hembras y machos. En cada sector, la temperatura del agua y salinidad fueron registradas in situ, empleando un medidor multiparámetro Extech EC170, mientras la trasparencia del agua se calculó mediante el disco Secchi. Resultados. Se registraron un total de 1.149 individuos de M. melongena, obteniendo la mayor abundancia el sector Caño Salado (522), seguido de Las Cagás (458) y finalmente Amaya (169). El 63% de los individuos se encontraron en un intervalo de talla entre 41-61 mm. La proporción sexual fue 1:1.2 (H:M). Las tallas registradas en hembras fueron de 55 a 92 mm y en machos de 54 a 77 mm. Conclusiones. M. melongena en la bahía de Cispatá está presentando signos evidentes de recuperación en la última década, debido a que la mayoría de los individuos registrados han alcanzado la talla media de madurez sexual.

ABSTRACT Objective. Evaluate the current status of Melongena melongena in Cispata Bay, Colombian Caribbean through the population aspects of the species. Materials and methods. Three sampling sectors were established, according to the zoning of the mangrove in the bay. For the collection of the biological material a linear transect of 4 x 20 m was located perpendicular to the area of the mangrove with two replicas at a distance of 50 m. For the determination of sex, a subsample of 10 individuals with sizes greater than that estimated for the sexual maturity of the species was taken. The shells were measured in total length, in order to differentiate the sizes of females and males. In each sector, the water temperature and salinity were measured in situ using an Extech EC170 multiparameter while water transparency is calculated using the Secchi disk. Results. A total of 1,149 individuals of M. melongena were recorded, obtaining the highest abundance in the Caño Salado sector (522), followed by Las Cagás (458) and finally Amaya (169). 63% of the individuals were in a size range between 41-61 mm. The sex ratio was 1:1.2 (H:M). The sizes recorded in females were from 55 to 92 mm and in males from 54 to 77 mm. Conclusions. M. melongena in Cispatá Bay is showing evident signs of recovery in the last decade, because most of the registered individuals have reached the average size of sexual maturity.

Occurrence of Scolytinae in mangrove with impact trap and in wood of five forest species / Ocorrência de Scolytinae em manguezal com armadilha de impacto e na madeira de cinco espécies florestais

Scolytinae is a beetle group belonging to Order Coleoptera; these insects play an essential role in wood degradation in forest ecosystems, since they build galleries that enable substrate colonization by other saprophytic organisms, as well as nutrient cycling. Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the occurrence of Scolytinae in the wood of 5 tree species exposed to mangrove environment, as well as to simultaneously survey Scolytinae specimens captured in ethanol-baited impact traps placed in the same environment. The study was carried out in a mangrove area located in Santa Cruz neighborhood - RJ. Five freshly-harvested Clitoria fairchildiana, Rhyzophora mangle, Corymbia citriodora, Melia azedarach and Eucalyptus pellita wood logs (1 m long and 5-10 cm diameter) were arranged perpendicular to the ground (1 m above it) and spaced 30 cm away from each other. Five impact traps were set up 50 m away from each other, 1.3 m above the ground. Insects were collected for 5 months. One hundred and thirty (130) Scolytinae individuals (14 species in 2 genera) were recorded in the wood logs; the relative frequency (Fr) of the species comprised Xyleborus affinis (33.9%) and Hypothenemus sp.4 (17.7%), which represented 51.6% of the total number of captured individuals. Hypothenemus sp.6 specimens were not collected in ethanol-baited traps, but the wood of C. fairchildiana. E. pellita did not show insect infestation. The traps captured 798 individuals (24 species belonging to 8 genera); the frequency of X. affinis (25.3%) and Hypothenemus eruditus (14.5%) represented 39.8% of the total number of captured insects.

Scolytinae é um grupo da Ordem Coleoptera que tem função importante na degradação da madeira em ecossistemas florestais, através da construção de galerias, facilitam a colonização por outros organismos saprófitas neste substrato, auxiliando a ciclagem de nutrientes. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar à ocorrência de Scolytinae na madeira de cinco espécies arbóreas expostas em ambiente de mangue, bem como realizar simultaneamente, o levantamento dos escolitíneos capturados por armadilha de impacto iscada com etanol no mesmo ambiente. O estudo foi realizado numa área de manguezal, no Bairro de Santa Cruz-RJ. Cinco toras de madeira recém abatidas de Clitoria fairchildiana, Rhyzophora mangle, Corymbia citriodora, Melia azedarach e Eucalyptus pellita, de 1 m e diâmetro variando 5-10 cm, foram dispostas perpendicularmente ao solo a uma altura de 1 m e espaçadas de 30 cm. Cinco armadilhas de impacto foram instaladas a uma distância de 50 m entre si a uma altura de 1,3 m em relação ao solo. Os insetos foram coletados durante o período de 5 meses. Nas madeiras, registrou-se 130 indivíduos de Scolytinae (14 espécies em 2 gêneros) cuja frequência relativa (Fr) das espécies foi: Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff (33,9%) e Hypothenemus sp.4 (17,7%) representando 51,6% do total de indivíduos capturados. Hypothenemus sp.6 não foi coletada em armadilha etanólica, sendo capturada na madeira de C. fairchildiana. Em E. pellita não houve infestação. Nas armadilhas foram capturados 798 indivíduos (24 espécies em 8 gêneros), cuja a Fr de X. affinis(25,3%) e Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood(14,5%) representou 39,8%.

Laguncularia racemosa (Combretaceae) y bacterias terrestres asociadas medio siglo después de la contaminación crónica por hidrocarburos

La evaluación del impacto del petróleo en la interacción suelo-raíz de la planta de mangle blanco, Laguncularia racemosa, es básica para identificar los cambios en la actividad microbiana y en el potencial biotecnológico para la remediación de histosoles contaminados. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la distribución espacial de los hidrocarburos totales del petróleo (HTP) en el suelo orgánico, la densidad poblacional de bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal, así como la respiración microbiana en el rizoplano (RI) en la rizósfera (RZ) y en suelo no rizosférico (SNR) de L. racemosa. Una superficie de 8 000 m2 de un histosol afectado desde 1967 y 1968 se evaluó por derrame crónico de petróleo y lodos de perforación provenientes del pozo petrolero La Venta 248. Se seleccionaron 15 árboles de L. racemosa y se extrajeron muestras del RI, RZ y SNR. Los HTP se extrajeron en equipo soxhlet con diclorometano durante ocho horas y se cuantificaron por gravimetría. La cantidad promedio extraída de HTP permitió la diferenciación de cuatro suelos (S) en el área evaluada, con valor promedio para el S1 de 1 797 mg kg-1 (no contaminado para la normativa mexicana) y tres suelos contaminados: S2 con 3 294, S3: 5 249 y S4: 10 389 mg kg-1. Los resultados evidencian diferencias estadísticas (Duncan, P ≤ 0.05) entre medias de las variables evaluadas. La mayor acumulación de HTP fue 22 962 mg kg-1, se extrajo del SNR en el S4. Las mayores densidades de bacterias fijadoras de N, solubilizadoras de P, Azospirillum y Azotobacter fueron bioestimuladas por la presencia de niveles altos de HTP en el suelo, sin embargo la respiración microbiana fue inhibida. Los resultados sugieren que L. racemosa es sostenible en suelos con petróleo intemperizado, y es un bioestimulador de la actividad microbiana para la atenuación natural.

The evaluation of the impact of oil on the soil-root interaction of the white mangrove plant, Laguncularia racemosa is essential to identify changes in microbial activity and biotechnological potential for remediation contaminated histosols. The objective was to evaluate the spatial distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons (THP) in organic soil, the population density of plant growth promoting bacteria, also in microbial respiration in the rhizoplane (RI), in the rhizosphere (RZ) and in non-rhizospheric soil (NRS) of L. racemosa. An area of 8 000 m2 of an affected histosol was evaluated, during 1967 and 1968, by chronic oil spill and drilling mud from the La Venta 248 oil well. Fifteen trees of this species were selected to obtain samples of the RI, RZ and NRS. The TPH were extracted in soxhlet with dichloromethane for eight hours and quantified by gravimetry. The average amount extracted from TPH allowed the differentiation of four soils (S) from the evaluated area, the average values were for S1: 1 797 mg kg-1 (not contaminated for Mexican regulations) and three contaminated soils, the values are S2: 3 294, S3: 5 249, and S4: 10 389 mg kg-1. The results show statistical differences (Duncan, P ≤ 0.05) between means of the evaluated variables. The greatest accumulation of TPH was 22 962 mg kg-1, it was extracted from the NRS in S4. The highest densities of N-fixing bacteria, P solubilizers, Azospirillum and Azotobacter were biostimulated by the presence of high levels of THP in the soil, however microbial respiration was inhibited. The results suggest that L. racemosa is sustainable in soils with weathering oil, and is a biostimulator of microbial activity for natural attenuation.

Determinantes naturales y antrópicos de la distribución, estructura y composición florística de los manglares de la Reserva Natural Sanguaré, Colombia

Los manglares presentan diferentes grados de interacción entre las condiciones oceanográficas, climáticas, geomorfológicas y edáficas. Estas interacciones tienen repercusiones fuertes sobre la condiciones locales de salinidad y disponibilidad de agua y nutrientes a nivel local, y sobre la estructura y composición de los manglares. Con base en el análisis de fotografías aéreas, muestreo en campo y análisis de componentes principales, se analizaron la composición florística y la estructura de los manglares presentes en la Reserva Natural Sanguaré. Se identificaron tres tipos de bosques según la clasificación fisiográfica de manglares. Un manglar de borde dominado por Rhizophora mangle L. en estado juvenil, con bajo desarrollo estructural, y dos tipos de manglar de interior o cuenca dominados por Avicennia germinans (L.) L. El primero de ellos, localizado detrás del manglar de borde, presentó alta salinidad en el suelo y en el agua intersticial, predominancia de sedimentos arenosos, y bajos valores de altura y diámetro a la altura de pecho (DAP) promedio de los árboles. El segundo, con un bajo número de árboles adultos en todas las categorías de diámetro, mayor área basal, bajo potencial de regeneración natural, y altas concentraciones de Fe y Cu en el suelo, probablemente asociado a la contaminación por vertimientos domésticos. La ubicación del primer manglar de interior detrás del manglar de borde revela la zonación típica descrita para muchos manglares del mundo. La composición florística, la estructura y la distribución de los manglares en la Reserva Sanguaré son el resultado de la interacción de variables ambientales locales como la salinidad y la textura del suelo, además de la intervención antrópica previa al establecimiento de la reserva y la actual presencia humana muy cerca de los manglares.

Mangroves have different degrees of interaction between oceanographic, climatic, geomorphological and soil conditions. Those interactions have strong impacts on local salinity conditions and availability of water and nutrients at local level, and on mangrove structure and composition. Based on the analysis of aerial photographs, field sampling and statistical multivariate analysis, floristic composition and structure of the mangroves present in the Sanguaré Natural Reserve were analyzed. Three types of forests were identified according to the physiographic classification of mangroves. A fridge mangrove dominated by Rhizophora mangle L. in a juvenile state, with low structural development, and two types of inland or basin mangroves dominated by Avicennia germinans (L.) L. The first of them, located behind the fridge mangrove, showed high salinity in the soil and in the interstitial water, predominance of sandy sediments, and low values of height and diameter at breast height (DBH) average of the trees. The second, with a low number of adult trees in all diameter categories, high basal area, low natural regeneration potential, and high concentrations of Fe and Cu in the soil, probably associated with contamination by domestic spills. The location of the first inner mangrove behind the fridge mangrove reveals the typical zonation of many mangroves in the world. The floristic composition, structure and distribution of the mangroves in the Sanguaré Reserve are the result of the interaction of local environmental variables such as salinity and soil texture, as well as the anthropic intervention prior to the establishment of the reserve and the current human presence being very close to the mangroves.

Bioavailability of heavy metals in mangrove soil in Alagoas, Brazil / Biodisponibilidade de metais pesados em solo de mangue em Alagoas, Brasil

The mangrove forest is an important transitional ecosystem consisted of terrestrial and marine environment located in tropical and subtropical regions with average temperatures above 20 °C. In Alagoas, the mangrove forests are found on the entire coastline from Maragogi to Piaçabuçu. In the last 20 years, due to the pollution of water resources, studies of coastal aquatic ecosystems have been developed. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties and determine the levels of heavy metals in mangrove sediments of the Mundaú-Manguaba estuary lagoon complex (MMELC) and Meirim River in Alagoas. Zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and chromium were chosen due to their relationship with sewer, agricultural, and industrial wastes. 22 soil samples were collected in the MMELC and in the Meirim River. The samples were submitted to soil routine analyses of Embrapa. The heavy metals were extracted by the Mehlich-1 method and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentrations of these metals in thesediment samples followed the order Mn > Zn >Pb > Cr> Cu >Cd in MMELC and Zn > Mn >Pb > Cr> Cu >Cd in Meirim River. All proposed heavy metals were found in sediments, however, the cadmium levels were above the normal levels proposed by Environment National Council (CONAMA) and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. The study shows that the analysis of sediment can contribute to environmental monitoring actions and development of public policies aimed to controlling the sustainable use of natural resources of the studied areas.

O manguezal é um importante ecossistema de transição entre o ambiente marinho e terrestre, localizado em regiões tropicais e subtropicais com temperaturas médias acima de 20°C. Em Alagoas podemos encontrar florestas de mangue em praticamente todo o litoral desde Maragogi até Piaçabuçu. Nosúltimos 20 anos, a poluição dos recursos hídricos tem levado ao estudo dos ecossistemas aquáticos costeiros, que são importantes para preservação e equilíbrio da vida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as propriedades físico-químicas e determinar os teores ambientalmente disponíveis de metais nos sedimentos do mangue existente na foz CELMM (e do rio Meirim em Alagoas. Foram escolhidos os metais zinco, cobre, chumbo, cádmio e crômio por estarem ligados aos despejos de esgotos, projetos agropecuários, e fontes industriais. Foram coletadas 22 amostras de solo nos estuários do CELMM e do rio Meirim. As amostras foram submetidas as análises de rotina para solos da Embrapa. As concentrações médias desses metais nas amostras de sedimento seguiram a ordem Mn > Zn >Pb > Cr> Cu >Cd in CELMM e Zn > Mn >Pb > Cr> Cu >Cd no Rio Meirim. Os metais foram extraídos pelo método Mehlich-1 e analisados por meio de espectrometria de absorção atômica. Foram encontrados nos sedimentos todos os metais propostos na pesquisa com destaque para os teores de cádmio detectados em valores absolutos acima de valores considerados normais pelo Conselho Nacional doMeio Ambiente e pelo Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment em alguns pontos do estuário do rio Meirim. O estudo mostra que a análise dos sedimentos pode, portanto, contribuir para ações de monitoramento ambiental, subsidiando a implantação e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que visem controlar o usoracional e sustentável dos recursos naturais das áreas do estudas.

Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract of mangrove plant Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea C. F. Gaertn— Associated fungi

Association between mangrove plants with fungi has been explored for many biological activities. The purpose of thisstudy was to determine the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove plantsScyphiphora hydrophyllacea C. F. Gaertn. The isolation of endophytic fungus from the mangrove has been carriedout by the direct planting method on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium. Eleven fungal isolates were recovered andpurified. The isolates were cultivated on the rice medium for 1 month and extracted using ethyl acetate. Eleven ethylacetate extracts were screened for cytotoxic activity by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and for antimicrobial activity toward some human pathogenic microbes.The results showed that five (45.5%) isolates of endophytic fungi had antimicrobial activity against the growth ofStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with a diameter from 9.1 to 21 mm. Furthermore, fourextracts (36.4%) were cytotoxic (cell viability < 50%) against T47D cells. Isolate ADSH2 which exhibited the highestcytotoxic activity was identified molecularly as Penicillium chrysogenum. The results of this study indicate that theethyl acetate of endophytic fungi associated with Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea has the potential to be developed asantimicrobial and anticancer compounds.

Augmentation of Insulin Secretion Induced by Rhizophora Mucronata and Avicennia ‎Marina Extracts in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease and is considered as the third leading cause of death in the developedcountries. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the antidiabetic, antioxidant and insulin-enhancing potentials of the aqueous extractsof R. mucronata and A. marina or combination of them. Materials and methods: The effects of daily oral administration of aqueous extract fromthe leaves of R. mucronata, A. marina (400 mg/kg BW for each) and combination of both for 6 weeks on streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratswere evaluated considering the blood glucose and insulin levels in the serum. Oxidant/antioxidants status was assessed in the cardiac andmuscular tissues. Immunohistochemical expression of insulin in the pancreatic tissue was also assessed. Results: Oral administration of theplants extracts alleviated the diabetes-induced changes in serum glucose, insulin and antioxidants status in the heart and muscles compared tothe untreated rats. In addition, these plants enhanced insulin secretion by β-cells of Langerhans as evidence immunohistochemically andbiochemically through calculation of HOMA- β. Conclusion: The extract of R. mucronata exhibited a promising antidiabetic, antioxidant andinsulin-enhancing effects compared with A. marina extract alone or in combination with R. mucronata.

Rapid Assessment of the Sex Ratio of the Fiddler Crab, Uca tangeri, in Two Mangrove Habitats on the Bonny River

A rapid assessment of the sex ratio of the fiddler crab, Uca tangeri, was undertaken in two mangrove habitats on the Bonny River which were undergoing intense human impact as a result of dredging and urbanization activities. The contrasting adult sex ratios of 4:1 of male to female at Eagle Island and 1:2.6 at Rumuolumini and or juveniles showing 2.4:1 (Eagle Island) and 1:1.8 (Rumuolumini) were highly significant (χ2 test, P<0.05). This shows evidence of studies supporting deviation in Uca spp from the 1:1 proportion. Evidence of anthropogenic activity and intensive socioeconomic exploitation provided no explanation for the contrasting high deviation in ratio of males to females between Eagle Island and Rumuolumeni habitats. Megalopae settlement is evident but the physical, chemical and interspecific cues that determine gender balance are necessary for any intended future conservation planning.

Pseudoscorpiones (arachnida) de isla fuerte y tortuguilla, caribe colombiano

En busca de contribuir al conocimiento de la fauna de invertebrados en la región Caribe de Colombia, se evaluó la fauna de pseudoescorpiones en dos zonas insulares continentales frente a la costa del departamento de Córdoba, la cual incluye a nueve especies, ocho géneros y seis familias. Se reporta por primera vez el género Solinus Chamberlin y se amplía la distribución conocida de Solinus corticola Chamberlin, 1923, hacia Colombia. Se efectúan consideraciones sobre las especies a los diferentes microhábitats (excepto Planctolpium arboreum Hoff, 1964). Se sugiere que el rafting y la foresia permitió la dispersión de estos géneros y especies desde el continente hacia las zonas insulares.

To contribute to the knowledge of the invertebrate fauna in the Caribbean region of Colombia, the pseudoscorpion fauna was evaluated in two continental islands zones in the coast of the department of Córdoba, which includes nine species distributed in eight genera and six families, the genus Solinus Chamberlin is reported for the first time and the known distribution of Solinus corticola Chamberlin, 1923 is extended to Colombia. Also, the adaptation of the species to the different microhabitats is considered (except for Planctolpium arboreum Hoff, 1964). It is suggested that the rafting and the phoresis allowed the dispersal of these genera and species from the mainland towards the insular zones.

Phytochemical Profiling Using Lc-Q-Tof-Ms Analysis And In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of A Rare Salt-Secreting Mangrove Aegialitis Rotundifolia Roxb. Leaves Extract

Objective: The present work deals with the qualitative study of the phytoconstituents present in Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb., ethanolic leaves extract and evaluate its antioxidant properties in vitro. Methods: The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed first using preliminary phytochemical tests and then by liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). The antioxidant properties were investigated comprehensively using seven in vitro models viz., 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging, superoxide (SOD) radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay, reducing power (RP), and total antioxidant activity. Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several important phytochemical groups whereas the LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis detected 25 phytoconstituents in the extract mostly belonging to flavonoids and alkaloids. The test extract showed strong dose-dependent antioxidant activity in all the seven in vitro models, however, the activity of the extracts was slightly lower compared to the reference standard ascorbic acid. Conclusion: The test extract showed strong antioxidant properties which could be possibly due to the phytoconstituents detected in the extract.

Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Cr) in Oysters: Crassostrea rhizophorae of Mangrove Areas of Alagoas (Brazil)

Abstract Mangroves are tropical and subtropical flooded forests that generally develop in estuarine areas over unstable sediments protected from the action of waves in the intertidal zone with an environment characterized by a great diversity of fauna and flora. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the levels of heavy metals that are absorbed by mangrove oysters, in estuarine systems in the Alagoas coast by determining the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd and Cr. Two areas, which consisted of both a collection during the rainy season and the dry season, were selected for sampling of mangrove oysters. In each collection, seven samples were collected, at seven different points, where each sample contained four oysters. In the laboratory the oysters were dried at 105°C for 72 hours and then macerated. It was then digested with 10 ml of a solution comprising a combination of 4:1 nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, initially in 1h at 40°C, followed by 3 hours at 140°C. In General, the medians followed the order Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu > Cr > Cd in MMELC and Zn > Cu > Fe > Mn > Cr > Cd in Meirim River. It is concluded that the Crassostrea rhizophorae oysters from the studied environments presented concentrations of all the metals proposed in the research and demonstrates its accumulating and bioindicator character.

Recruitment of oyster in artificial collectors on the Amazon macrotidal mangrove coast / Recrutamento de ostra em coletores artificiais na costa de manguezais de macromaré amazônico

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the moment of the year for the oyster recruitment and define the type of collector and environmental conditions that maximize recruitment. Collections were conducted, during 12 months, on Amazon Macrotidal Mangrove at two different sites: raft (point I) and mangrove (point II). In each location three types of collectors were used (1) transparent PET bottles, (2) green PET bottles, and (3) PVC sheets, each with three replicates. Spats were counted and measured at 45-day intervals, while the environmental data were measured every two weeks. Identification of oyster species occurred by genetic testing (multiplex PCR) by randomly selecting individuals by sampling. Results indicated spat capturing was significantly influenced by the collector type, location and period of collection (P<0.05, MANOVA) with significantly higher recruitment in the PVC collector (P<0.05, Tukey test). Oyster recruitment occurred throughout the year, suggesting that these individuals reproduce during all months; however, months with less rain and greater salinity were the best for spat collection, while the rainy period with lower salinity proved to be the best for individuals growth. The location in interaction with the environmental variables, mainly salinity, has a significant effect on the recruitment rate of spat and on their size, so that point II (mangrove) had the best results for recruitment and point I (raft) provided the spats of the largest size. Genetic identification verified two native oysters species (Crassostrea gasar and Crassostrea rhizophorae) in both points (I and II).

RESUMO: O estudo teve como objetivo determinar o período do ano para coletar sementes de ostras, definir o tipo de coletor e as condições ambientais que maximizam o recrutamento das sementes. As coletas foram conduzidas, durante 12 meses, no manguezal amazônico de macromaré em dois locais distintos: balsa (ponto I) e manguezal (ponto II). Em cada ponto de coleta foram utilizados três tipos de coletores (1) garrafas PET transparentes, (2) garrafas PET verdes e (3) forro de PVC, com três réplicas cada. As sementes foram contadas e medidas a cada 45 dias e os dados ambientais mensurados a cada duas semanas. As espécies de ostras foram identificadas por teste genético (PCR multiplex) com indivíduos aleatoriamente selecionados por coleta. Os resultados indicaram que a captura de sementes foi influenciada significativamente pelo tipo de coletor, localização e período de coleta (P<0,05, MANOVA) com recrutamento significativamente maior no coletor de PVC (P<0,05, teste de Tukey). O recrutamento ocorreu durante todo ano, sugerindo reprodução mensal, contudo, os meses de menor pluviosidade e maior salinidade foram melhores para coletar sementes, enquanto o período chuvoso, com menor salinidade, favoreceu um crescimento superior. O local de coleta em interação com variáveis ambientais, principalmente salinidade, apresentou efeito significativo sobre a fixação e tamanho das sementes de maneira que o ponto II obteve melhores resultados de fixação e o ponto I sementes de maior tamanho. A análise genética identificou duas espécies nativas (Crassostrea gasar e Crassostrea rhizophorae) em ambos os pontos (I e II).

One new phenylpropanoid from Hainan Ceriops tagal / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the ethyl acetate fraction of Ceriops tagal. Methods: Compounds were isolated and purified by various column chromatography, recrystallization, and HPLC. And their structures were elucidated by physicochemical property and spectral analysis. Results: Eight compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Ceriops tagal and identified as (E)-methyl-3-(5-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1), tagalphenylpropinoidin A (2), coniferyl aldehyde (3), 2,3-dimethoxy-5-(1-propenyl)phenol (4), methyl syringate (5), syringaldehyde (6), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (7), and n-hexadecane acid (8), respectively. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new phenylpropanoid, named as tagalphenylpropanoidin C, and compounds 4-8 are obtained from C. tagal for the first time.

Chemical constituents from stems and leaves of semi-mangrove plant, Barringtonia racemosa / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the stems and leaves of semi-mangrove plant, Barringtonia racemosa. Methods: The chemical constituents of B. racemosa were separated and purified by silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatographies and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties, spectroscopic analysis, as well as comparisons with the data reported in literature. Results: A total of 17 compounds were isolated from the 90% ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of B. racemosa, which were identified as chrysin (1), ayanin (2), genkwanin (3), rhamnocitrin (4), tricin (5), dillenetin (6), 5,3'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone (7), 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (8), 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3',4'- pentamethoxy flavone (9), petasitolone (10), sarmentol F (11), dehydrovomifoliol (12), blumenol A (13), 10-hydroxyaristolan-9-one (14), alphitolic acid (15), oleanolic lactone (16), and 11,12-dehydroursolic acid lactone (17). Conclusion: All compounds are isolated from the genus Barringtonia for the first time.